CMSG(3) Library Functions Manual CMSG(3)
NAME
CMSG_ALIGN, CMSG_SPACE, CMSG_NXTHDR, CMSG_FIRSTHDR - access ancillary data
LIBRARY
Standard C library (libc, -lc)
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/socket.h>
struct cmsghdr *CMSG_FIRSTHDR(struct msghdr *msgh);
struct cmsghdr *CMSG_NXTHDR(struct msghdr *msgh,
struct cmsghdr *cmsg);
size_t CMSG_ALIGN(size_t length);
size_t CMSG_SPACE(size_t length);
size_t CMSG_LEN(size_t length);
unsigned char *CMSG_DATA(struct cmsghdr *cmsg);
DESCRIPTION
These macros are used to create and access control messages (also called ancillary data) that are not a part of the socket
payload. This control information may include the interface the packet was received on, various rarely used header fields,
an extended error description, a set of file descriptors, or UNIX credentials. For instance, control messages can be used
to send additional header fields such as IP options. Ancillary data is sent by calling sendmsg(2) and received by calling
recvmsg(2). See their manual pages for more information.
Ancillary data is a sequence of cmsghdr structures with appended data. See the specific protocol man pages for the avail‐
able control message types. The maximum ancillary buffer size allowed per socket can be set using /proc/sys/net/core/opt‐
mem_max; see socket(7).
The cmsghdr structure is defined as follows:
struct cmsghdr {
size_t cmsg_len; /* Data byte count, including header
(type is socklen_t in POSIX) */
int cmsg_level; /* Originating protocol */
int cmsg_type; /* Protocol-specific type */
/* followed by
unsigned char cmsg_data[]; */
};
The sequence of cmsghdr structures should never be accessed directly. Instead, use only the following macros:
CMSG_FIRSTHDR()
returns a pointer to the first cmsghdr in the ancillary data buffer associated with the passed msghdr. It returns
NULL if there isn't enough space for a cmsghdr in the buffer.
CMSG_NXTHDR()
returns the next valid cmsghdr after the passed cmsghdr. It returns NULL when there isn't enough space left in the
buffer.
When initializing a buffer that will contain a series of cmsghdr structures (e.g., to be sent with sendmsg(2)), that
buffer should first be zero-initialized to ensure the correct operation of CMSG_NXTHDR().
CMSG_ALIGN(),
given a length, returns it including the required alignment. This is a constant expression.
CMSG_SPACE()
returns the number of bytes an ancillary element with payload of the passed data length occupies. This is a constant
expression.
CMSG_DATA()
returns a pointer to the data portion of a cmsghdr. The pointer returned cannot be assumed to be suitably aligned
for accessing arbitrary payload data types. Applications should not cast it to a pointer type matching the payload,
but should instead use memcpy(3) to copy data to or from a suitably declared object.
CMSG_LEN()
returns the value to store in the cmsg_len member of the cmsghdr structure, taking into account any necessary align‐
ment. It takes the data length as an argument. This is a constant expression.
To create ancillary data, first initialize the msg_controllen member of the msghdr with the length of the control message
buffer. Use CMSG_FIRSTHDR() on the msghdr to get the first control message and CMSG_NXTHDR() to get all subsequent ones.
In each control message, initialize cmsg_len (with CMSG_LEN()), the other cmsghdr header fields, and the data portion using
CMSG_DATA(). Finally, the msg_controllen field of the msghdr should be set to the sum of the CMSG_SPACE() of the length of
all control messages in the buffer. For more information on the msghdr, see recvmsg(2).
STANDARDS
This ancillary data model conforms to the POSIX.1g draft, 4.4BSD-Lite, the IPv6 advanced API described in RFC 2292 and
SUSv2. CMSG_FIRSTHDR(), CMSG_NXTHDR(), and CMSG_DATA() are specified in POSIX.1-2008. CMSG_SPACE() and CMSG_LEN() will be
included in the next POSIX release (Issue 8).
CMSG_ALIGN() is a Linux extension.
NOTES
For portability, ancillary data should be accessed using only the macros described here. CMSG_ALIGN() is a Linux extension
and should not be used in portable programs.
In Linux, CMSG_LEN(), CMSG_DATA(), and CMSG_ALIGN() are constant expressions (assuming their argument is constant), meaning
that these values can be used to declare the size of global variables. This may not be portable, however.
EXAMPLES
This code looks for the IP_TTL option in a received ancillary buffer:
struct msghdr msgh;
struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
int received_ttl;
/* Receive auxiliary data in msgh */
for (cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msgh); cmsg != NULL;
cmsg = CMSG_NXTHDR(&msgh, cmsg)) {
if (cmsg->cmsg_level == IPPROTO_IP
&& cmsg->cmsg_type == IP_TTL) {
memcpy(&receive_ttl, CMSG_DATA(cmsg), sizeof(received_ttl));
break;
}
}
if (cmsg == NULL) {
/* Error: IP_TTL not enabled or small buffer or I/O error */
}
The code below passes an array of file descriptors over a UNIX domain socket using SCM_RIGHTS:
struct msghdr msg = { 0 };
struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
int myfds[NUM_FD]; /* Contains the file descriptors to pass */
char iobuf[1];
struct iovec io = {
.iov_base = iobuf,
.iov_len = sizeof(iobuf)
};
union { /* Ancillary data buffer, wrapped in a union
in order to ensure it is suitably aligned */
char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(myfds))];
struct cmsghdr align;
} u;
msg.msg_iov = &io;
msg.msg_iovlen = 1;
msg.msg_control = u.buf;
msg.msg_controllen = sizeof(u.buf);
cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS;
cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(myfds));
memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), myfds, sizeof(myfds));
For a complete code example that shows passing of file descriptors over a UNIX domain socket, see seccomp_unotify(2).
SEE ALSO
recvmsg(2), sendmsg(2)
RFC 2292
Linux man-pages 6.03 2022-10-29 CMSG(3)